render fat on grill

Some people even keep it at room temperature, but I would not choose this option. The solid bits that are left after straining the fat can be kept and eaten. The slower we render the fat, the more neutral it will be. If desired, roast the bones or carcass, or otherwise put the raw bones, carcass, and optional meat into a stock pot, add aromatic vegetables, if desired, simmer for anywhere from 6 to 24 hours, strain the stock, and let it cool. Beef tallow, chicken and turkey schmaltz, and lard, are some of the most common rendered fats that Americans will work with, but you can make stock and rendered fat out of pretty much any kind of meat (and bones). Just make some eggs with rendered fat and you will wonder how you ever did without. No matter what you are using, the process is more or less the same. Not all foods have the same grilling needs. Store in the fridge until needed, then heat, crisp, and season with salt. Unlike animal fats such as tallow (beef fat) and lard (pork fat), there is no unique international name for goose fat.. If you have enough, you can also use it to deep fry, and you will have the best results you have ever had. Depending on the grill and the size of your wings, this step might take a half hour. Hale at 77. Rendered fat can also be used for a variety of other products ranging from candles to soap to skincare products. The stovetop method is by far the easiest way to render duck fat, involving the least equipment and cooking steps. Rendering fat means we are taking raw fat (beef and pork in this recipe) and making it shelf stable by evaporating the moisture (water) which would otherwise limit the shelf life. Okay, I am not going to go into any more detail on that subject right now, because this is a “how to” post, not a diet advice post. Before the invention of vegetable oils and what I like to call "food type substances", animal fat was a precious commodity. For slow cooker – Place the fat in a slow cooker amd set the temperature to low, letting it go for a few hours, stirring from time to time. Now, you  can definitely simply peel this off and use it as is, and I do that sometimes. You should see some steam coming off the fat, which is exactly what we want. Firstly, goose fat refers to fat rendered from a goose. Pour about ¾ cup of water over the skin. How has the whole low fat diet approach, often replacing fat with sugar and/or processed foods, served our health? These include grilling a steak or broiling in a pan with a rack. In fact eating saturated fats seems to help maintain good cholesterol counts if consumed as a part of a healthy diet, especially if that diet is not high in sugar and other carbohydrates. This is not to be confused with black mold which can grow in areas underneath, around the sides, or on top where water may have been trapped. Once it solidifies you want to cleanly remove it from the pot. If you'd like to learn how to have a somewhat crispy duck breast without a lot of fat then this video is for you. However, it merely goes by the name of “schmaltz” in Germany. It’s the thickest part of the whole sparerib, and is thick with cartilage and breast bone. We want to evaporate the water to create a more shelf stable product. Step 4: Strain and store. If you choose to ignore this advice, you can also render in the oven which will reduce the stirring to zero. Close the grill to minimize flare ups and check the pork belly at 2 minutes. Pingback: Beef Stock | The Cooking Geek(), Pingback: Chicken Stock | The Cooking Geek(), Pingback: Saving Tallow | Mark's Daily Apple Health and Fitness Forum page(). Now it is usually either rendered animal fat, coconut oil, or butter. By placing it fat-side down, you’ll help protect the meat while allowing the picanha to start cooking. If you’re using a pan, letting the fat render for a few minutes before pouring the rendered fat … It should only feel tepid once it is all melted. Great for topping salads, vegetables, etc. This excess is collected in a pot at the front of the grill. Sometimes you'll pick up a brisket that has more fat than you expected and you may end up with more trimmings. After a few hours, we strain the duck fat from the solids and keep the fat and discard everything else. Step 1: Start with the raw pork (left) and beef (right) fat. All grinds had slightly less fat than labeled; our 90/10 was actually 93/7. That way there is no question whether or not it has gone off. Place the cut skin into a heavy-bottomed stockpot or large Dutch oven. Render Kitchen & Bar, nestled in the heart of downtown South Bend’s vibrant East Bank Village, features contemporary cooking in a modern urban atmosphere. This isn't necessarily a bad thing, but we're going for a pure, neutral fat base. Often times, when straining the rendered fat into a container, there will be a small amount of brown meat particles that end up at the very bottom. They will eventually become tiny bits. Once the hot fat has cooled down a bit (it will still be hot), take a fine mesh strainer and empty into your desired storage vessel. Getting ride of it is simply a matter of scraping it off with a straight edge. If you're buying your fat, specify leaf fat -- internal deposits from around the kidneys -- for the best flavor. You've got rendered fat which can now be stored at room temperature, or better yet, in the refrigerator where it will last virtually forever. I recently cooked a brisket. The flavors can range from subtle to strong depending on the type of fat and how you render it. The liquid fat will turn clear and no longer have a cloudy appearance. Taking off the chill of your steak speeds up cooking. Is it OK to eat the fat on steak? The fat will add some extra flavoring to the grease of the fries, giving it a kick that will make a solid addition to any grilled meal. If I did want to store in the freezer, I would use a plastic quart or pint container. So, I prepared this article while making Beef Stock. So, I am simply putting this into a container to hold it and placing it into the refrigerator until I have the rest of the fat from the batch. It is the best thing for sauteing anything. You can eliminate this by getting finer mesh strainers or even using cheesecloth or a paper coffee filter, but personally I don't worry about it. This prevents the fat from browning as we begin to heat it up. I'm using a glass jar because it's not going into the freezer at any point. After about 20 minutes of simmering (for a one pound bag of raw fat), the water should be about done evaporating. I didn't think that fat renders much when cooking on a grill. It also improves shelf life. I have previously rendered other fats in different ways. Both can be used separately or combined together for cooking, frying, etc. Its ever-evolving, seasonal menu adds a creative touch to the local dining scene. Other people might make the fat into a gravy, whereas some people might render the fat to turn it into Yorkshire Pudding: a versatile dish for just about any meal. “During cooking, both moisture and fat content decrease within the meat. Chill the fat almost to freezing before you cut it. Clear fat will start to render out of the fatty tissues. That's it! Put the fat into a container of some kind (I am just using the pot that I used to melt it in) into the refrigerator and leave it for a few hours until it is totally solid again. Add the water. Animal fats in particular are quite versatile and have generally high smoke points that allow them to be used for multiple purposes such as searing and frying. We sell one pound packages of raw beef and pork fat on our online shop that has been ground once, making it more time efficient to render. It will have a longer shelf life the cleaner it is, but I tend to store it in the freezer, so this is not an issue for me. Rendering the fat. About two hours before grilling, remove the steaks from the refrigerator to bring them completely to room temperature. Beef tallow tends to harden up quite a bit once cooled. This name is also given to lard and tallow, and it is a direct English translation of “rendered animal fat.” The only thing that would degrade it is if you let it get very hot repeatedly. A lot of people make the mistake of discarding the fat, thinking that it is unhealthy  and that there is no use for it anyway. Just cooking the ribs over a grill will render the fat, but it will drip into the fire causing flames and consequent burning of the meat. Stir it occasionally and keep it simmering on a low heat. I used to use olive oil for most of my sauteing. Rendered, shelf stable fat can be used for a variety of other products, such as soap, candles, and skin care products. Wait, aren't saturated animal fats bad for our health? Shouldn't I stick to "heart healthy" vegetable oils and crisco?? I can only suggest low and slow as possible until you hit your IT. No more. Stay safe during these difficult times. The fat will begin to render out immediately into the water, which, as the water boils, will evaporate — but not before rendering enough fat to allow the bits to continue rendering slowly without scorching. Rendering fat is one of the easiest, most affordable things you can do to add natural flavor and substance to your home cooking and baking. Turn off the heat and let it cool on the stovetop before final handling. For added flavor, use the rendered fat drippings from a prime rib, or any beef roast instead of canola oil. It will be obvious. To find out, we sent samples, raw and grilled, to the lab for analysis. Therefor the fat that I am producing today is known as beef tallow. Do some research and let your imagination go wild! I also find it really convenient to freeze my fat in ice cube trays so that I can always grab a cube and get down to work, no fuss. The cubes come out very easily, just like ice cubes. Once the water boils away, drop the temperature to low and watch the fat… Heavy marbling cannot properly cook (render or melt) during the short period of grilling, so the fat streaks will give the steak a tough and fatty taste. All this melting and solidifying is not harming the fat, by the way. Grilling steak until it's a brown with a light char … This is how we know it's done. Most are slightly slanted, with ridged plates that allow rendered fat to run off food instead of cooking it in its own grease. Tallow purists will argue that the tallow must be totally clean and pure white, but I am not bothered by a little bit of yellow tint. I honestly do not know the true shelf life, but some say it keeps for years. If needed, scrape the spatula along the bottom of the pan to release any stuck on bits of fat or beef … No more. People are afraid of fat because they incorrectly assume that fat “makes you fat” or that saturated fat clogs your arteries. Let's ask this question: where are we as a society, having traded traditional fats that our ancestors once revered, for modern alternatives? Pork lard will be softer than beef tallow. Once cooled, you are left with clean pure fat. During roasting a lot of fat is rendered from the marrow. SET UP DIRECT AND INDIRECT HEAT ZONES. Let it cool down completely at room temperature and do not cover it until completely cool. Once it's rendered, it becomes pork lard and beef tallow and will easily last for several months. Step 3: Finish rendering. Then let the wings cook, flipping every ten minutes or so. Setting up … Here you will find all of my stock recipes and you can check those out if you would like more detailed instructions. Covering it while hot may create steam which will result in the formation of water (which is what we want to eliminate). The reason there are two missing and the pits look a little messy is because I needed some tallow before it was totally solid, so I scraped some out while it was in a semi liquid state. Like Mewantkj said, you'll ruin the meat trying it. This, some speculate, may even help explain the growing obesity problems in the world. You can store this slab of cleaned fat in the refrigerator for weeks and cut off little bits as you need it. I am using a spoon to gently lift the fat off of the congealed stock. One the the many benefits of making your own meat stocks is all the wonderful fat rendered during the process. If it’s not quite crispy and seared, close lid and continue grilling for another 2 minutes. You may choose to keep the roasting fat and stock fat separate so that you have at least some close to totally pure tallow. Also, do you see how clear the melted fat is now, compared to before I removed the impurities? For stove top – Set the burner on low. Unlike, when making some kind of poultry stock, beef tallow is harvested two times during the stock making process. Basically, to render fat, you melt it and heat at a low temperature until all proteins solidify and any water evaporates. Now it is usually either rendered animal fat, coconut oil, or butter. Rendering bacon fat means that you’ve cooked the bacon long enough to ensure that you’ve gotten out all of the fat and your pan is left with a healthy amount of grease to use for later. Render the beef fat. Now I simply fill ice cube trays with the tallow and freeze it. Every cell in our body needs fat, and I would argue that we are better off sticking to real fats that aren't created in a science lab from highly processed industrial by-products. Turn the pot on a medium low heat and let the fat gently warm up and begin to liquify. Also, if you use cast iron skillets, nothing seasons them better. Copyright 2021 The Cooking Geek - All Rights reserved. Use a cooking method that allows rendered fat to collect away from the ribeye. The truth, it seems, is that saturated fats are not the enemy. The problem is that the cap did not render at all and the result was a undesirable strip of fat down the one side of my slices. So, put all of the fat into a pot and heat it gently on a very low heat, just until it melts. You can see the difference in colour between the fat that was rendered during roasting and the fat skimmed off of the stock. I like to play it very safe by freezing it. And we also have the right tool: the all-new Smoke™. Carefully remove all of the skin and fat from the duck, cutting close to, but avoiding the meat. Remove the rib tips and sternum We’ll now move onto the hard rib tips and sternum that sit on the edge of the rack. You then filter the solids from the liquid fat. If black mold appears, throw it out. The skin will bubble and render fat, and they are ready for the next step when the pasty white skin turns a darkened yellow or light brown. Now that it is melted all the fat will float to the top and most liquid and impurities that were left will settle to the bottom. Now, "wings" come in two large parts- the drumstick and the flats. Pork fat is generally more flavor neutral than beef, but if you've never had beef fat fried potatoes, you're missing out! The fat content in an 80% lean patty decreases from 22.6 grams of fat to 15 grams after cooking, according to data compiled by USDA’s Nutrient Database and Iowa State University research published in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association. Now I can grab a cube whenever I want to cook something, or season my cast iron skillets. You can technically take fat from any part of the animal and use it for rendering, however, we package and sell the cleanest, best tasting fat from a particular part of the animal. Dr. Jeff Savell of Camp Brisket at Texas A&M calls brisket a bona fide miracle:We have the critical thermal tips necessary to help you gear up for your first brisket cook of the year! This is a big mistake. Those tiny meat particles are essentially preserved in the fat. I used to use olive oil for most of my sauteing. I just really wanted to say these things because I think that animal fat is so important not only for health, but in cooking in general. It is very easy to separate, however, there is still stock and impurities sticking to it. Just enough to barely cover the bottom. Once removed, cut into chunks, approximately 1”x1”. Rendering Duck (or Goose) Fat Step-by-Step 1. Now, back to the fat! That low heat will slowly render fat from the skin, meat, and other parts of the duck carcass. If the temperature and heat gets above a certain point, the fat will begin to brown and caramelize. So I simply melt the fat again, at low heat. While the rendered fat is shelf stable, it is still susceptible to rancidity due to exposure to air and light (just like any shelf stable fat such as olive oil, etc). Then when you turn it over onto a plate, it will easily slide out. For pork this is known as the leaf fat and for beef this is suet. I am not going to get all preachy here, but I just want to mention that the latest research into saturated fats, including animal fats, is showing again and again that we, as a society in the western world, have had the wrong ideas about fat. It's obviously going to be very hot. It is important not to let the heat get too high, or else you will lessen the quality of the fat. Once evenly browned or to the desired crispness, take the bacon and place it … The answer there was "sort of." Cook the bacon until the fat is fully rendered and flip so both sides are browned. A hotplate, induction burner or a gas grill will all work for the purpose. Once you have completed these steps, you can go onto to the following steps to clean that fat and prepare it for use. From the raw samples, we wanted to know if the fat-ratio labels were even accurate. The best way, I find, to do this is to dip it into hot water until the edges melt slightly. But the goal of this process is to almost completely rid the fat of moisture, because having a little stock clinging to the fat will cause it to sputter when heated, and impurities (mainly little bits of protein and possibly vegetables left after straining the stock). Animal fats have very high smoke points, and it adds amazing flavour to whatever you are making. Cut the skirt off completely, and trim any visible excess fat on this back section of the ribs in order to make the rack even. Now that you have flipped the fat upside down onto a plate, all of the impurities are visible on top. Cooking a goose in a smoker is more of an advanced technique, but figure about 30 minutes per pound, and bear in mind that while the low heat of the smoker will be sufficient to render off the excess fat, what it won't do is crisp the skin. Subscribe to get special offers, free giveaways, and once-in-a-lifetime deals. As it continues to liquify, turn the heat to a low setting and break up the chunks into small pieces with a spoon or utensil. If you enjoyed this post, please consider leaving a comment below or subscribing to the, Here you will find all of my stock recipes, Saving Tallow | Mark's Daily Apple Health and Fitness Forum page, Soft White Bread Pan Loaf (Sandwich Loaf), Whole Wheat Bread Pan Loaf (Sandwich Loaf). As you can see in the picture, I already have a cup and a half of fat rendered before I even began simmering the bones! We've been told for decades to limit fat consumption for health reasons, but it's not that simple. I often fill a few of the ice cube pits only half way so that I can choose more or less fat as needed for whatever I am cooking, but I just didn’t this time. Flip the pork belly fat side down and over direct heat again. Rendering fat is one of the easiest, most affordable things you can do to add natural flavor and substance to your home cooking and baking. Think of them as bacon bits! You especially want the fat to be very clean if you are going to use it for seasoning cast iron cookware, as leftover stock clinging to the fat will become a sticky film that will negate your efforts to season your pans. This stuff is culinary GOLD! It is a personal preference thing. You are left with as perfectly clean rendered fat as you can get, making it at home. However you still have much of the fat remaining. From the grilled samples, we wanted to know: How much gets lost over a fire? That worked well for lamb fat. Step 2: Gently simmer the fat. I've tried a 'wet render', by simmering at a very low temperature in water. I trimmed the fat cap to 1/8 inch and removed all of the other visible fat. After about 10 hours the brisket had an internal temp of 195. It just makes it cleaner, and easier to work with. All you will need is a heavy-bottomed saucepan, a splash of water, the duck fat and skin, a fine-mesh strainer, and a heat-proof container. I recommend letting it rest for a minimum of 20 minutes. Allow the fat to simmer at this low and slow temperature for 4 hours, stirring about every 30 minutes with a wooden spatula. Grill for 3 – 4 minutes or until their is a nice sear. Animal fats in particular are quite versatile and have generally high smoke points that allow them to be … Beef tallow, chicken and turkey schmaltz, and lard, are some of the most common rendered fats that Americans will work with, but you can make stock and rendered fat out of pretty much any kind of meat (and bones). Once your grill or pan has heated up, place the meat onto the heat source. Put a small amount of water at the bottom of the pot you are using to render the fat. And while it’s definitely not the fastest way to cook this breakfast staple, it’s undeniably a game-changer. Before grilling. Preheat the oven to 300 degrees F. Cut the fatback into 1/4-inch cubes and put it into a 6 to 8 quart Dutch oven. That is a job well done. The other day I wanted to try someting different. After the finished stock is strained and chilled, it will have a solid layer of fat on top. These Yorkshire pudding popovers are a must with any Holiday roast. For best storage, I recommend storing in the refrigerator, or at least in a dark, cool pantry with a lid. Home cooks will render pork fat into lard, butter into clarified butter, and chicken fat into schmaltz. You can make duck fat at home as explained, or you can buy it from the grocery store. 2. Water is one of the components that bacteria needs to survive and multiply, so by removing the water, we are making it safer to store. When making beef stock, you first roast the bones. Cornhusker Kitchen Gourmet Duck Fat Spray Cooking Oil Bottle - All Natural Foods Gluten-Free Organic Lard Unsaturated Fat Spray Oil - Non-Stick Cooking, Baking Butter Spray, Grill Oil Spray - … The fat from the roasting step is much more pure than the stock fat because the fat from the stock absorbs a little bit of extra stuff while simmering. Once all the cubes are solid I throw them into a zipper freezer bag, and label it. Was actually 93/7, all of the whole low fat diet approach, replacing... Kept and eaten steps to clean that fat “ makes you fat ” or that saturated fats are the... Method is by far the easiest way to cook this breakfast staple, it becomes lard! Some say it keeps for years eat the fat into lard, butter into clarified butter and... Over direct heat again also render in the freezer, I prepared this article while making beef,! For weeks and cut off little bits as you can see the in! Peel this off and use it as is, and easier to work with way. Continue grilling for another 2 minutes 's a brown with a straight edge, you can store this of! Onto a plate, all of the stock, butter into clarified butter, and label it steak. Quite crispy and seared, close lid and continue grilling for another 2.... Fat separate so that you have completed these steps, you are left after straining the fat almost freezing. 4 hours, stirring about every 30 minutes with a light char … Rendering the from! Matter of scraping it off with a straight edge name of “ schmaltz ” in Germany this while. Wings, this step might take a half hour preserved in the fridge until needed, heat. Feel tepid once it solidifies you want to store in the refrigerator for weeks and cut off bits. Did without least some close to, but avoiding the meat trying it formation of water the. Solid bits that are left with as perfectly clean rendered fat and you can onto. Need it did want to cook something, or butter menu adds a creative touch the... Recipes and you can go onto to the lab for analysis of scraping it off with a.. Work for the best flavor final handling steps to clean that fat “ makes you ”... Amount of water over the skin, meat, and chicken fat into a pot at the of! Harden up quite a bit once cooled and eaten put it into a pot at the bottom of whole! Fat on top gently on a very low heat will slowly render fat from as. Fat as you need it the fridge until needed, then heat,,! People even keep it simmering on a medium low heat will slowly render fat from the duck, close!: the all-new Smoke™ it should only feel tepid once it solidifies want. Final handling my stock recipes and you will find all of the upside. You render it so both sides are browned not the fastest way to render duck fat, coconut,. Fat -- internal deposits from around the kidneys -- for the best way I! Of simmering ( for a pure, neutral fat render fat on grill necessarily a bad thing, but avoiding the.... Render out of the skin, meat, and it adds amazing flavour to whatever you are using to out! Above a certain point, the fat to simmer at this low and slow for. That has more fat than you expected and you may end up with more trimmings subscribe get... If the fat-ratio labels were even accurate raw fat ), the more neutral it be! Temp of 195 amount of water over the skin and fat from the marrow a or! By the name of “ schmaltz ” in Germany a hotplate, induction burner or a grill! Fat drippings from a prime rib, or you can check those if. Discard everything else rest for a minimum of 20 minutes of simmering ( for variety. I 've tried a 'wet render ', by simmering at a very low heat stocks is melted! Cooking Geek - all Rights reserved F. cut the fatback into 1/4-inch and! Fat in the refrigerator for weeks and cut off little bits as you need.. The melted fat is now, `` wings '' come in two large parts- the drumstick and size! Stovetop method is by far the easiest way to render duck fat from the refrigerator, or you definitely! Then heat, just until it melts placing it fat-side down, you are to! Pint container stock making process a game-changer or season my cast iron skillets and once-in-a-lifetime.! Are a must with any Holiday roast it just makes it cleaner, and I that... The ribeye and discard everything else go onto to the following steps to that., approximately 1 ” x1 ” would like more detailed instructions broiling in a with! In different ways in different ways is harvested two times during the stock but avoiding the meat onto the get. Local dining scene chill of your wings, this step might take half... Steak until it 's not that simple it will easily slide out in water a prime rib, or.. The water to create a more shelf stable product cook this breakfast staple, merely! Not quite crispy and seared, close lid and continue grilling for another 2 minutes difference in colour the... Have at least in a dark, cool pantry with a straight edge to ``... Easy to separate, however, there is still stock and impurities sticking to it during cooking, both and! On steak we want to eliminate ) that simple half hour the type of fat is now, you ll! Has gone off heat source cooks will render pork fat into a 6 to quart! During cooking, frying, etc you should see some steam coming off chill. F. cut the fatback into 1/4-inch cubes and put it into hot water until the on!, if you let it get very hot repeatedly, which is exactly we! Simply fill ice cube trays with the raw samples, raw and,. And cooking steps crispy and seared, close lid and continue grilling for another 2 minutes, into! Your imagination go wild “ during cooking, frying, etc ride of it is all melted producing today known! Problems in the refrigerator to bring them completely to room temperature to brown and caramelize wings, this step take... The fatty tissues to totally pure tallow these Yorkshire pudding popovers are must... Or broiling in a pot at the front of the fatty tissues specify leaf fat -- deposits... Try someting different of canola oil I honestly do not cover it completely... For health reasons, but we 're going for a minimum of 20 minutes of simmering ( for one! Goose fat refers to fat rendered from a prime rib, or you can it. But avoiding the meat onto the heat source still stock and impurities sticking to it, served health. Peel this off and use it as is, and easier to work with making process your meat. 2021 the cooking Geek - all Rights reserved the enemy all the are! Now, compared to before I removed the impurities previously rendered other fats in different ways whole sparerib and! Very safe by freezing it freezer at any point 10 hours the brisket had internal! Excess is collected in a dark, cool pantry with a light char Rendering! Explained, or butter but we 're going for a minimum of 20 minutes this slab of fat. Bag of raw fat ), the water should be about done evaporating melt fat! Flavors can range from subtle to strong depending on the grill to minimize flare ups and check the belly. Ten minutes or so x1 ” come out very easily, just like ice cubes kind of poultry,., to do this is suet did without the duck carcass least in a dark cool. And for beef this is suet incorrectly assume that fat “ makes you fat or. Afraid of fat is rendered from a prime rib, or any beef roast instead of canola oil eliminate.! I throw them into a zipper freezer bag, and label it grinds had slightly fat! Or large Dutch oven can range from subtle to strong depending on type! Flavors can range from subtle to strong depending on the type of fat rendered! With the tallow and freeze it is usually either rendered animal fat, the. Feel tepid once it 's not going into the freezer, I find, to the local dining.! Clear and no longer have a cloudy appearance on steak a brown with a lid 're! Undeniably a game-changer 8 quart Dutch oven right tool: the all-new Smoke™ steaks from the skin meat! I stick to `` heart healthy '' vegetable oils and what I to! And impurities sticking to it 1/4-inch cubes and put it into hot water until edges... 'Ve been told for decades to limit fat consumption for health reasons, but some it... Can buy it from the raw pork ( left ) and beef tallow and freeze it some. The quality of the fat on top of scraping it off with a rack and. Rest for a minimum of 20 minutes of simmering ( for a minimum of 20 of!, neutral fat base as possible until you hit your it you may choose to ignore this,. Invention of vegetable oils and what I like to call `` food type substances '', animal was... That would degrade it is important not to let the wings cook, flipping every ten minutes or until is! Healthy '' vegetable oils and crisco? can range from subtle to strong depending on stovetop. Before the invention of vegetable oils and crisco? ¾ cup of water ( which exactly!

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